Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars

Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars INTRODUCTION The extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is a common  procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The reasons for extracting  these teeth include acute or chronic pericoronitis, presence of cysts or a  tumour, periodontal problems and presence of a carious lesion on the  second or third mandibular molar. In some cases, extraction is performed  in preparation for orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery  In most cases, the removal of third molars will lead to a significant degree  of tissue trauma that causes an inflammatory reaction. Thus, the patient  develops the common postoperative symptoms and signs of pain, facial  swelling, dysfunction, and limited mouth opening (trismus). The pain is typically brief and will peak in intensity in the  early postoperative period.The facial swelling and trismus will reach their  characteristic maximum 48 to 72 hours after surgery. Those symptoms are  major disadvantage and affect the patients quality of life. The  inflammatory process is necessary if healing of traumatic tissue has to  occur, but often excessive inflammation lead to unnecessary pain, trismus  and swelling. The impact of these symptoms affect the quality of life in the  days following surgery. Injured tissues immediately release local inflammatory mediators, like histamine, that produce vasodilatation leading to extravasations resulting in edema and sensitize the peripheral noci-receptors resulting in hyperalgesia. Although these inflammatory mediators are released immediately after the trauma, these symptoms are not observed immediate after the surgery but rather begin gradually, peaking 1 3 days after the surgery. Pain has been an indispensible part of all surgical procedures and minor oral surgical procedures are not an exclusion. Through ages mankind has been in constant quest for various methods to control pain . The specificity theory proposed in 17th century by Descartes R explains pain as the activity of highly specific peripheral nerve endings that receive sensory information from the environment, which is then transmitted by nerve fibres through the spinal cord to the pain centre, or the pineal body, in the forebrain. However it is merely a biological explanation and does not address the multidimensional, complex process of pain as we understand today.1 Various factors contribute to determine the intensity of post-operative complications such as host defense mechanism, type of healing, duration of the procedure, 4-8extent of reflection of the mucoperiosteal flap, types of flaps, bone removal, need for tooth sectioning, 5and experience of the surgeon.9,10 To increase patients satisfaction after third molar surgery it will be necessary to avoid the inconvenience associated with tooth extraction and minimize the subsequent side effects. Methods to reduce the side effects is to prescribe medications such as corticosteriods , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , a combination of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs or enzyme preparation. Synthetic inflammation inhibitors which are active at certain points during the course of the inflammatory reactions are available. They are sometimes associated with undesirable side effects such as insomnia, depression, systemic fungal infection, increased calcium excretion, gastrointestinal irritation, visual complaints, fever and fatigue. These inflammation inhibitors are divided mainly into two groups: Steroids, i.e., cortisone and its derivatives, and the Non-Steroids, which are usually salicylic acid derivatives such as butazolidine, indomethacin and others. The side effects of prolonged corticosteroids use are well known, and are fundamentally dependent upon the dose employed and the duration of treatment. These effects include peptic ulcer, immune suppression, water and electrolyte balance metabolic effects, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, increased fatty tissue (full moon facial appearance), Cushing syndrome, avascular osteonecrosis, lessened resistance to infection, hirsutism, amenorrhea, acne, hyperglycemia or hypertension. Systemic glucocorticoids , which are frequently used as anti-inflammatory agents, are well-known to inhibit wound repair via global anti-inflammatory effects and suppression of cellular wound responses, including fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Systemic steroids cause wounds to heal with incomplete granulation tissue and reduced wound contraction. Glucocorticoids also inhibit production of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a key transcriptional factor in healing wounds Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been used since many years for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Although these drugs have been proven efficient in management of post operative pain, adverse effects and associated morbidity pose a serious problem. It has long been known that NSAID may have a range of side effects, of which the commonest are gastrointestinal.5 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are widely used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis and for pain management. Low-dosage aspirin, due to its anti-platelet function, is commonly used as a preventive therapeutic for cardiovascular disease, but not as an anti-inflammatory drug. In contrast to chemical inhibitors of inflammation such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), enzyme preparations support and accelerate the natural inflammatory process without contributing to pain, redness and swelling. This is accomplished by helping degrade and remove plasma proteins and fibrin that invade the interstitial space within tissues at the site of inflammation. Improved microcirculation and removal of inflammatory products results in an analgesic effect and complaint relief. Proteolytic systemic enzymes (proteases), such as those found in bromelain, papain and pancreatin, cleave protein compounds by hydrolysis. That is, they split their substrate by incorporating water. These enzymes are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and travel to specific sites where they break down cell debris, fibrin and toxins. They also stimulate phagocytosis within the immune system and accelerate elimination by way of the lymphatic system and blood vessels. This translates into improved circulation and reduced inflammation. Proteolytic enzymes, which when taken with a meal is used to help digest food. Proteolytic enzymes are known as systemic enzyme supplements and are taken on an empty stomach, 45 minutes to one hour before meals or 3 hours after a meal, to digest proteinaceous or fibrous waste material throughout the body including the outer coating of bacteria, necrotic tissue and immune complexes. The only negative effects are for people with rare cases of protein allergies. Purpose of this randomized , single blind study is to compare the efficacy of proteolytic enzyme such as bromelain , trypsin and rutoside as an alternative to corticosteroids in pre and post- operative swelling , pain and trismus after removal of third molar.

Metal Lab Essay

Data Analysis: 1. What was the temperature change for the water in the calorimeter (ΔTwater)? 3 °C 2. What was the temperature change for the metal sample (ΔTmetal)? Assume the intial temperature of the metal was the same as the temperature of the water it was boiled in. 70 °C 3. What was the specific heat of water in J/g °C? 4.186 J/g °C 4. Using the following equation, your answers to questions 1-3, and your data table, determine the specific heat of the metal sample you tested. 5. Identify you metal using the list of specific heat values provided. The metal that was identified was Zinc. 6. Calculate the percent error in the specific heat value that you determined experimentally. Conclusion: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the identity of a mystery metal by finding the specific heat of the metal and comparing it to a list of specific heat values for different metals. Before beginning the lab and during the lab, the mass of the metal sample and water sample was taken. This information was later used to help determine the specific heat of the mystery metal. The temperature of the boiling water, the temperature of the water in the calorimeter without the metal, and the temperature of the water and metal in the calorimeter were also collected to help determine the mystery metal. After this, the temperature changes for the water in the calorimeter and the metal sample were collected. After all the data was gathered, an equation was used to find the specific heat of the mystery metal and determine its true identity. The calculated specific heat of the metal was 0.231 J/g °C. Even though this was close to the specific heat of Cadmium, the actual metal was Zinc , which had a specific heat of 0.390 J/g °C. The purpose of the lab was met, but not very well. There was a percent error of 40%, which is ridiculously high. Many things could’ve gone wrong in the lab such as reading the thermometer wrong, miscalculating the specific heat of the â€Å"mystery† metal, or not following the procedure. One thing that could’ve gone wrong is the possibility of reading the thermometer wrong. Reading the thermometer wrong could’ve resulted in the failure of the entire lab. Another possible error was miscalculating the specific heat. This is very plausible and easy to achieve. It is no surprise if it happened during the lab. One final error could’ve been not following the procedure. Not following the procedure could’ve easily messed up the entire lab. Following directions is a very crucial part of any lab. Despite these errors, there are ways to fix them. One solution is to use a digital thermometer instead. This would eliminate the possibility of reading the thermometer wrong. Another solution is to explain the equation more clearly. Making the equation as clear as possible to anyone who may use it could definitely almost completely erase the misunderstanding of an equation. One last solution is to read the procedure thoroughly multiple times before starting the lab. This would ensure that no direction has been skipped or skimmed, and the lab will run smoothly.

Lincoln Electric Venturing Abroad Essay - 3538 Words

Lincoln Electric Executive Summary Michael Gillespie, The Lincoln Electric Company’s new president for the Asia Region, was â€Å"encouraged to develop plans to open welding consumables factories in several Asian countries† by the new CEO, Anthony Massaro, and Gillespie had specifically â€Å"turned his attention to plans for Indonesia [O’Connell,[1] main reference, p 1].† We worked with Gillespie to prepare for the September 1996 meeting with Massaro and the presidents of the other worldwide regions. We analyzed Lincoln’s current capabilities and its past experiences and prepared a transformative plan based on business concept innovation [Hamel[2], ch 3], documented by this report, with a three pronged approach for the Asia Region. The first†¦show more content†¦2. Lincoln needed continued organizational development just as Lincoln’s equipment needed continued maintenance to remain viable. James Lincoln was a principled visionary and an organizational development inn ovator[d]. However, he did not prepare successors for assuming the critical role that continued organizational development. Neither of his successors, first William Irrgang and later Georges Willis, had contributed anything of note in developing the organization to meet Lincoln’s changing environmental demands. In particular, during Willis’s tenure, Lincoln did not even practice organizational maintenance: â€Å"By 1992, nearly all of the newly acquired plants, plus France, were operating in the red [and corporate executives] paid little attention [p 7].†Lincoln needed to develop the Asian organization and to develop the entirety ofLincoln as a wholly integrated organization in order to meet the demands of its expansion effort. 3. Lincoln’s culture could not be imposed but must be nurtured. â€Å"Willis retained the existing managers of most of the acquired companies to take advantage of their local knowledge, but directed them to implement [underlined by author]Lincoln’s incentive and manufacturing systems [p 6].† While Willis appreciated the benefits of implementing Lincoln’s systems, he did not consider James Lincoln’s caveat that â€Å"All those involved must be satisfied that they are properly recognized or they will not cooperate – andShow MoreRelatedCase Study Analysis Lincoln Electric: Venturing Abroad1533 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln Electric (LE) has been a producer of electrical and welding technology products since the late 1800s. The company remained primarily a family and employee held company until 1995, then approximately 40% of its equity went to the public. James Lincoln, one of the founders, developed unique management techniques that effectivel y motivated the employees. These management techniques were implemented as an unusual (for the era) structure of compensation and benefits called incentive managementRead MoreLincoln Assignment Essay749 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Lincoln Electric: Venturing Abroad Discussion Questions: 1. How was Lincoln able to grow and prosper for so long in such a difficult commodity industry that forced out other giants such as General Electric, Westinghouse, and BOC? What is the source of Lincoln’s outstanding and enduring success? 2. Given this outstanding success, why did the internationalization thrust of the late 1980s and early 1990s fail? 3. What is your evaluation of the company’s internationalization strategy underRead MoreLincoln Electric 873 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Lincoln Electric (LE) is a worldwide leader in production of welding equipment with more than US$1 billion in sales and 6,000 workers. John C. Lincoln designed and made an electric motor with a $200 investment in 1895. Today, members of the Lincoln family own more than 60 percent of the stock. The Lincoln Management System Lincoln Electric’s management system is so successful that other businesses use it as a benchmark. They have effectively used feedback type control to achieve theirRead MoreStrategy Assignment : Lincoln Electric2135 Words   |  9 PagesStrategy Assignment : Lincoln Electric: Venturing Abroad 1. Lincolns competitive advantage lies mainly in its effective compensation and benefits system which put forth three main elements to spearhead the companys efforts. The trinity of elements comprised of piecework, bonus system and guaranteed employment. Piecework provided workers with a sense of autonomy in that now, workers can earn as much as they are willing to work for. The bonus levels in Lincoln far exceeded those of industry peersRead MoreKeeping Google googley3957 Words   |  16 Pages45(4): 20-34. 2. Lincoln Electric: Venturing Abroad (HBS case #9-409-039) 3. Infosys (A): Strategic Human Resource Management (HBS case #9-412-029) California PREPARATION QUESTIONS FOR LINCOLN ELECTRIC CASE ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · How has Lincoln sustained success in a highly competitive, commodity industry? Why did Lincoln’s internationalization efforts in the 80s and 90s fail? Will Massaro’s internationalization strategy be more successful? Why or why not? Should Lincoln proceed with the investmentRead MoreCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 Pages5 Sinha, D. (1999) The Regulation and Deregulation of US Airlines, The Journal of Transport History, 20(1), p. 46 6 Sine, W. David, R. (2003) Environmental Jolts, Institutional Change, and the Creation of Entrepreneurial Opportunity in the US Electric Power Industry, Research Policy, p. 187-188 7 Erber G. and Horn M, (2000), Economic Bulletin, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, p. 213-214 8 Shane, S., (2003) A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, p. 156-157 9 Erber G. and Horn M, (2000)Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmoral judgment stories were administered to college students who had earlier participated in Milgram’s (1963) obedience study. Under the guise of a reinforcement-learning experiment, Milgram’s subjects had been directed to give increasingly intense electric shocks to a person who was observed to be in great pain. Of the respondents at the principled level (stages 5 and 6), 75 percent refused to administer the shocks (i.e., to hurt someone), while only 12.5 percent of the respondents at the conformity

Early Civilizations Matrix Essay examples - 2440 Words

Ancient Civilizations Matrix HUM/100 INTRO TO THE HUMANITIES THE ANCIENT WORLD TO MEDIEVAL TIMES Early Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources complete the following matrix. Be sure to address the following in your matrix: †¢ Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details as necessary. †¢ Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Be sure to properly cite the sources that you use in completing this matrix. Civilization Politics Society/ Economics Technology Art Music Architecture Philosophy†¦show more content†¦In these periods many tools were used as Surgery tools for the preservation of bodies also called mummification which made bodies embalmed and preserved to lifelike images. Art consisted on doing portraits of the pharaohs and drawings of the Gods they also illustrated life in every aspect of how they cultured and lived by geroglyphs. Many statues were made and tombs with beautiful gold and jewelry made for the Gods and pharaohs. Music was made bu thoth since their beliefs and they used flutes double clarinets and harps music was used in rituals and many festivities for the pharaoh These is a part of Egypt that was bar none the most impressive part of the civilization the pyramids made of stone with a perfect laser like cut is still to these day a mystery this is a very impressive way of displaying art for the Gods and for the pharaoh. People who was not noble lived in c lay made homes with stone which sheltered them and Nobles lived in temples and beautifully carved with gold and many jewels Egyptians were ruled by the pharaoh’s mentality and his point of view which made philosophy a way of following the pharaohs critical thinking and of course the Gods which were the ones that guided the pharaohs. Poems, Geroglyphs, arts and written prayers even drawings that depicted life were part of every day reading.Show MoreRelatedEarly Civilization Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesEarly Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources complete the following matrix. Be sure to address the following in your matrix: †¢ Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details as necessary. †¢ Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Be sure to properlyRead Morehis112 r3 Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix1457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix Complete the matrix by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. The table includes one example. Civilization Cultural Developments Political Developments Economic Developments Mesopotamian Developed the beginnings of astronomy and mathematics Believed in many gods not just one. Emergence of Kings, exercised distinct political ratherRead MoreWhat Were the Causes and Consequences of the Scientific Revolution and How Did It Change the World from 1500 - 1800?1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Revolution. In my opinion, one of the major and original revolutionaries of thought was Descartes. With his philosophy of â€Å"I think therefore I am† he created a whole new world of possibility that existed in a world dominated by the â€Å"Christian Matrix† His idea that purely because he could think logically and with reason, meant that he existed. This inspired other great minds of the age to think. In doing so people saw a greater understanding for the world around them, the environment. This ledRead MoreLiterary Masterpieces Matrix1186 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Literary Masterpieces Matrix Complete the following matrix for each of the cultural periods that are shown. Provide examples from at least two (2) literary works to illustrate your entries in each category. If discussing contemporary literature, for example, a thematic focus might be relationship of mainstream with minority literatures and your examples incorporate Rushdie and Cronins works. Your entries in these columns must go beyond a few words or a simpleRead MoreThe Major Events Of The 20Th Century Were Characterized1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 20th century and led to major changes in the power balance of the world. During this event, many powerful empires were either transformed or destroyed. The war began in 1914 and ended in 1918 (Perry Bock, 2013). At the beginning of the war in early 1914, many German and English philosophers argued that world war is a wonderful idea and expressed a lot of optimism and enthusiasm at the mention of the issue. The idea of World War I led to the diffusion of party differences and class antagonismsRead MoreThe Art of War for Managers1438 Words   |  6 Pagesis a strategy that uses opportunities to maximize your position in the market. For example, a company may look at their internal strengths and weaknesses and visually plot them on an IFE matrix. They may then look at the external opportunities and threats of the company a nd put these factors onto an EFE matrix. After looking at all of the factors, the company will come up with a SWOT analysis, which analyzes all of these factors and comes up with strategies. If the SWOT analysis demonstrates flawlessRead MoreEarly Civilian Matrix Essay2503 Words   |  11 PagesEarly Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources, complete the following matrix. Be sure to address the following in your matrix Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details, as necessary. Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Properly cite the sources youRead MoreArt : The Art Of Art1631 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, and occasionally till the very early 16th. The end of this period of art is notably marked by the untimely arrival of the notorious western explorer Christopher Columbus’ landing in the Americas. The European discovery and exploration, or conquests of the Americas pre-Columbian art flourished all throughout both the northern and southern continents. This for many of the cultures was their primary form of visual expression, because many but not these early American cultures dished not yet developedRead MoreAnalysis Of Alain Lockes The New Negro1646 Words   |  7 Pagesbehave with respect to the dominant (primarily white) societies in which they live and function. In particular, earlier scholars like Du Bois tended to â€Å"sustain their faith in a partnership with white allies, wagering that [their] commitments to ‘civilization building’ ... would hasten the day when they and their race would be respected as equal partners† (Ewing 16). In contrast, Garvey, a contemporary of Locke, supported a radical agenda for African independence, and a mass migration to bring peoplesRead MoreDevelopments Of Ancient Chinese Mathematics1643 Words   |  7 Pagesthe len gth of several families’ well ropes, given parameters in relation to each other familiy’s ropes. One can imagine the necessity for sophisticated equation solving in maintaining an expansive empire without the use of computers. Beyond linear matrix algebra, another important development of Chinese mathematics was the Chinese Remainder Theorem. The theorem was an improvement in the area of number theory and is still utilized today. It is also important to point out that the Chinese were the first

Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe´s The Tell-Tale Heart - 605 Words

â€Å"The Tell- Tale Heart†, written in 1843, is a simultaneous horror and mental story presented in a first- person perspective, in which Edgar Allan Poe, the author, portrays that the significant influence of inner guilty and fear on narrator’s insane. The author achieves this in the means of figurative languages, symbolism and the plot of the story. Through the whole story, there is no doubt that guilty plays a tremendously crucial role. It is obvious that symbolism is used for many times. To begin with, the evil eye is one of the reasons why the narrator wants to kill the old man. â€Å"I undid it just so much that a single think ray fell upon the culture eye† (page 1)He refers the old man’s eyes as evil and vulture-like eyes. As we all know, vulture is the type of animals who attack dead animals. He is afraid of the old man’s vulture-like eyes mainly because he thinks that he will be dead, therefore, he plans to kill the old man. Furthermore, the heart beat symbolizes the narrator’s conscience and the guilty over a murder because the old man has never done something wrong. Since the corpse is just under his seat, he is afraid of being found that the old man is killed by him, which causes him to be extremely guilt, therefore, he heard the beat. So, the evil eyes and beating heart can clearly portra y the crucial effects of guilty. What’s more, the use of figurative languages poses a great amount of influences on present the theme of guilty. Repetition is definitely one of theShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1015 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Insane in the Membrane† Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most acclaimed short story writers of all time and is considered the father of the psychological thriller. He has achieved ever-lasting fame for his work in various fields of literature, from prose to verse. However, it is his Gothic narrative, in the short story realm he is greatest known for and is regarded as one of the foremost masters of horror that the United States has ever fashioned. The crucial component to these horror stories isRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s Tell Tale Heart Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesstereotypical â€Å"mean girl’ in life. But are you a mean girl only because you are insecure about yourself, or do you genuinely have nothing better to offer society than cruel comments on people’s appearance. Very much like a â€Å"mean girl† in Edgar Allan Poe’s Tell Tale Heart, it is a thrilling mystery with murder. The story is basically about a man who is a server to an old man who has an odd looki ng eye. It is not the old man’s fault for his appearance, nor should the old man deserve the cruel thought, thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1291 Words   |  6 Pagessecrets hidden in the story line that does it? Individually when each of you close your eyes and visualise a book that has been flicked by hundreds and has been adored what comes to mind? The famous Edgar Allan Poe stands out in the history of gothic texts, especially his novel the â€Å" Tell-Tale Heart†. However there is a numerous amount of contemporary texts based off this genre including Tim Burton’s â€Å" Vincent†. In this presentation I hope to engage you in the history of the gothic genre. GothicRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart1104 Words   |  5 PagesPoe Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis began with Sigmund Freud, also known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. (McLeod) Freud broke his theory into 3 different levels, Id, Ego, and Superego. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and the â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† focused deep into these levels of psychoanalysis specifically the superego and the id. Freud explained that our superego is our conscienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1560 Words   |  7 Pagesbelong to Mr. Poe. You see, Edgar Allan Poe is still one of the greatest masters of enticing emotion into readers. Whether it is psychological fear in short stories like Bernice and The Pit and the Pendulum or poetry about death, sadness, and love. But, Poe really does raise the bar when it comes to mystery in his poetry. From houses suddenly combusting in The Fall of the House of Usher and uncanny deliriums in The Tell-Tale Heart, mysteries of all kinds encompass Poe s works. Poe has mastered theRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart957 Words   |  4 Pageswhether madness is or is not the loftiness of intelligence,† (Edgar Allan Poe). Edgar Allan Poe is a well known and beloved writer of the horrid and meticulous. Through emphasis on his personal life and personal insanity, we get a glimpse inside the world that might be our own minds as well as stories that teach us life lessons as well as make our blood curdle and ponder over the deep emotions of Poe’s life. Stories such as the Tell-Tale Heart teach us of these life lessons. In this story the narratorRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s A Tell Tale Heart1289 Words   |  6 PagesInside the Heart There are many well-known poets, but not many are as unique as Edgar Allan Poe. By the age of 13, Poe had become a creative poet (Biographies). Many of Poe s works were horrific fictional stories. His first book was published in Boston in 1827, called Tamerlane and other Poems. More of Poe s major works include Tales of the Grotesque a d Arabesque, which included his most spine tingling tales such as Ligeia and The Fall of the House of Usher. Most of Poe s works haveRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart857 Words   |  4 Pagesfear what they can t control. Author, Edgar Allan Poe wrote short stories that evoked emotions of fear of the unknown in a way that speaks to the reader. Some of Poe s stories were not well accepted in his day because people were just not ready for them- they were scary. Poe s works The Tell-Tale Heart, The Premature Burial and The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar evoke emotions of fear of the unknown for the reader Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell-Tale Heart, is a short story that illustrates theRead MoreWhy Should We Care?1748 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Should We Care?: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Few creatures of the night have captured [reader’s] imagination[s] like [Edgar Allan Poe]† (â€Å"Vampires†). Poe has fascinated the literary world since he first became known for writing in 1829, when he was just twenty years old (Chronology†). While he is widely known for exploring the macabre, his work is controversial because of its psychologically disturbing nature. Edgar Allan Poe is worth examining as an author because his many contributions to the literaryRead MoreThe Final Days of Edgar Allan Poe by Roger Francis 1732 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the nineteenth-century. Poe’s short stories posses the recurring themes of death, murder and his narrators often show signs of mental instability, like the old man in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and Montressor in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. Since tragedy was prominent throughout Poe’s life, his wor k reflects the darkness ingrained by continuously being faced with adversity. Poe’s mental stability also comes into question when

Observation of Different Photons When Elements Are Heated (Chem Lab) Free Essays

Observation of Different Photons when Elements are Heated Introduction: The bright line spectrum is the range of colorful lights that are emitted from an atom in its excited state. A â€Å"normal† atom, or an atom in its ground state, is when all of the atom’s electrons are in their proper energy level. When an atom is in its excited state, electrons jump to different energy levels making them unstable. We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Different Photons When Elements Are Heated (Chem Lab) or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the electron tries to get back to its respective energy level, energy is emitted in the form of light (photons). Every element emits a different color that can be categorized into the bright line spectrum. Different elements give off different colors when heated because they all have different chemical properties, therefore, they will react differently under high temperatures. For example, [1] strontium, lithium carbonate, and strontium carbonate are often used in fireworks to create a red color. Calcium may be used to create orange, sodium for yellow, aluminum for white, barium chloride for green, copper for blue, strontium and copper for purple, and titanium for silver. Even though all elements give off unique colors when heated, it is impossible to identify all elements with the naked eye by doing this test because you have to know what color the element burns and sometimes the elements emit very similar colors. In this experiment, five known elements will be put under extreme heat to observe the color of the light emitted. Then, three unknown elements will be determined based upon the results of the known elements. Materials: 1. 2. Bunsen burner 3. Matches 4. Forceps 5. Wooden toothpicks 6. Sample of liquid calcium 7. Sample of liquid barium 8. Sample of liquid lithium 9. Sample of liquid sodium 10. Sample of liquid strontium 11. Three unknown liquid samples Procedure: 1. Turn on the gas for the Bunsen burner and light it with a match. 2. Using the forceps, take a toothpick and dip it into the calcium sample. Hold it in the sample for a few seconds to make sure that the sample has soaked in. 3. Stick the toothpick into the flame from the side, still using the forceps. 4. Record the color seen. 5. Repeat steps 2-4 for the rest of the samples. 6. Turn the gas off. 7. When finished, compare the results of the known elements to the unknown elements to determine what they are; they will have the same color. [1]- http://chemistry. about. com/od/fireworkspyrotechnics/a/fireworkcolors. htm Results: Element Tested| Color it Burned| Determined to Be| Calcium| Orange| -| Barium| Yellow| -| Lithium| Red| -| Sodium| Yellow-Orange | -| Strontium| Darker Red | -| Unknown 1| Orange | Calcium| Unknown 2| Yellow| Barium| Unknown 3| Red| Lithium| Conclusion: In conclusion, the unknown elements were able to be determined because their emitted color matched those of calcium, barium, and lithium. This method for determining different elements in a controlled experiment, however, I don’t think this method would be effective for determining any unknown element. There are many elements and they may burn unique colors but often times, they are similar. For example, while performing this experiment, it was difficult to determine if unknown element1 was calcium or sodium because they both burned an orangey type color. It is possible that the toothpicks used in this lab got contaminated because someone may have touched them with their hands. If this is the case, then the elements may have burned a different color than they were supposed to. When performing this experiment, it was observed that the colors of the flames of each sample were different. This is because each element has a different chemical property. For the element that burned a similar color, this may be because they have similar, but different, chemical properties. This method of identifying elements in real life may be used when looking at fireworks. Fireworks are different elements set on fire; the different colors that are seen are the different elements returning to their ground state. How to cite Observation of Different Photons When Elements Are Heated (Chem Lab), Essays

Comparison on Making Polite Requests in English an Essay Example For Students

Comparison on Making Polite Requests in English an Essay d in ChineseAbstract: Polite requests play an important role in daily communication. Different culture has various ways of making request. In order to get ridof misunderstanding, it is necessary to clarify the different politeexpression of making request in diverse culture. This paper chooses tocompare English and Chinese polite request making. Key words: Politeness; Request; English; ChineseIntroduction With the development of mass media andinformationtechnology,communicative borders are removed and people become closer and closer. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the different lifestyles ofvarious cultural community. However, the main reasons ofsuccessfulcommunication does not only include how well a language is spoken, but alsosome personal and cultural elements. When considering social context, non-verbal communication plays an important role in language learning. A veryinteresting topic in this large field is politeness, since forms ofpoliteness are often misinterpreted and lead to misunderstandings. So Ichose to have a closer look at the differences between politeness inChinese and English. Politeness is known as a courteous manner that displays respects, showdeference in society where people live and communicate together (OEDonline). Furthermore, according to Brown and Levinson (1978), politenesstheory is the speakers expressions use toward receiver in soft manner ofFace Threaten Acts (FTAs) to saving face of addressees. There are four mainstrategies in politeness theory as: bald-on record, positive politeness,negative politeness and off record. Bald- on record, a type is commonlywith people known each other very well and very comfortable in theirenvironment, is reduce the impact of FTAs. Off record is removing thespeakers from any imposition whatsoever (Zhan, 1992). Positive politenessis redress directed to addressees positive face (Brown and Levinson,1978, p.101), while negative politeness is making a request less intrudeinto a persons private. Alternatively, request is a type of speech of act where the speaker askor demand from the hearer to perform an act which is for the benefit of thespeaker. A request has two parts: head act and modifiers. Head act is themain utterance which conveys a complete request and can stand by itselfwithout any modifiers for express demand. The head act is follow bymodifiers that moderate or exaggerate the impact of the request on theaddressee. For example, Could I borrow your dictionary, please? whereCould I borrow your dictionary is head act and please is modifier. So, every culture, every language has different ways to making requestsin politeness. Therefore, the scope in this research is compared thedifferences expression of politeness requesting in two languages: Englishand Chinese. Following to House and Kasper (1981), their research claimedthat speakers prefer to choose negative politeness strategies than positivepoliteness because when the relative face threat is high because negativepoliteness strategies are easily compensation than positive politenessstrategies. To evaluate the difference of politeness in making request intwo languages English and Chinese, the research will analysethreedifference situations in classroom, at restaurant and at home. Discussion In English grammar, in order to make a polite request, people usuallyuse the modal verbs like can, could, will, would to allow the speaker toask their need by asking for or giving permission, and so on. The formationof making a polite request is: (Leech, Cruickhank, Ivanic, 2001)Modal Verb (Could/ Can/ Will/ Would) + Subject + Base Verb +. ?For example, Can you give a book? So, in this sentence, can is a modal verb, you is subject and giveis base verb. In Chinese grammar as like as English grammar, speakers useoptatives verbs (e.g. ?,,?)to express wishes, making a request, and havepermissions. Follow to the grammar rule, the optatives verb put before themain verb and add? question particle at the end of the sentence: (Wang,1996)S + Opt. Verb + Main Verb + Obj. + (e.g. ) Or in an affirmative-negative question, the negative adverb should beput between the optatives verb instead of the main verb: (Wang, 1996)S + Opt. Verb + ? (Negative Adv.) + Opt. verb + Main Verb + Obj. ?( e.g. ) Additionally, in imperative sentences or interrogative sentences Englishis adding the conventional expression please to make their requests morepolite and to make soften their utterance text (E.g. Please give me a book!or Could you give a book, please?) (Leech, Cruickhank, Ivanic, 2001)On the other hand, Chinese grammar has many strategies to making a requestin politeness by using reduplication of verbs, using particle, usingstructure verb+ . Most of these strategies have one purpose which ismake the soften tone of speech of act (Zhan, 1992). Retired Volunteers EssayAt home: (Huang Zhengcheng, 1996)Chinese:,::::,::,? :?!EnglishDavid: Dad, I m going to post office to send a letter. Do you want to buyanything?Chen: Please give me some stamps. David: How many do you want?Chen: Five. Lili: David, could you buy for me some envelopes?David: How many do you want?Lili: Ten. Please, can you get me a copy of China Pictorial as well?David: O.K For this situation, the speaker speak to his family members to tell themwhere he going. He shows his respect to his father by using honorific form?, while in English, the speaker just address you. The father reply byusing imperative sentence to demand his wants. In Chinese, the elder peopleor high status, or the close relationship has more power; therefore theyoften command to the youth or powerless people via imperative sentences,such as . However, English people useindirectformviainterrogative sentences tends for more polite like Please, can you get mea copy of China Pictorial as well?At restaurant: (Wu zhongwei, 2003)Chinese1: , !: , 1: . : , 2: :,3:,:?,,1:!EnglishCustomer 1: waiter!Waiter: Yes, sir! Are you ready to order?Customer 1: Id like a bottle of beer. Waiter: Excuse-me, Madam, what do you want to drink. Customer 2: Ill have a cup of coffee. Waiter: And you?Customer 3: A glass of coke, please. Thank you. Waiter: O.K. please wait a while, your order will be ready in a minute. Customer 1: Can I pay the bill, please? The difference between Chinese and English in this situation is usingaddresses. The service boy uses , , to address the elderly peopleand children; whereas in English way the waiter uses social status sir,madam for respect the customer. To reply polite the asking of waitersorder, customers add conventional polite expression please or Id like/Ill have. In other words, Chinese customers use verbs ?, ? to suggesttheir requests. Besides some verbs, Chinese people also use ?, theparticle ?, , reduplicated verb to give an order. Because ofinfluenced of Chinese culture, customers have more power, so they give acommand through the imperative sentence ! without the conventionalpolite expression. Conclusion To sum up, the goal is to compare different expression of Chinese andEnglish languages in order to have polite requests or orders to addressee. After researching and comparing two languages, even though English andChinese request can be used with interrogative and imperative sentences,but there are many strategies of politeness in the Chinese language becauseChinese are affected in Chinese culture and grammar. Chinese people applydirect request form in the small size of face-threatening act, whileEnglish speakers use indirect form in either small or big of facethreatening act. Although Chinese and English have some different way toexpress the politeness in making request, but both two languages have onepurpose that is softening the tone of speech between requesters andaddressees by keeping a proper distance, since politeness is an importantrole in the smoothly and efficiently communication. Reference List:Brown, P. S, Levinson. (1978). Politeness: Some Universals in LanguageUsage. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. House, J. Kasper, G. (1981). Politeness Markets in English and German inConversationRoutine. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Huang, Z. C. (1996). Chinese for today, book 1 2nd ed. HongKong: theCommercial Press Ltd. Kane, D. (2006). The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage. Singapore: TuttlePublising. Lu, Y. (2009). Cultural Differences of Politeness in English and Chinese. Asian Social Science56 154-1156. Leech, G.;Cruickshank, B. Ivanic, R. (2001). An A-Z of English Grammar Usage. Malaysia: Longman. Wang, Y. (1996). Practical Chinese Reader Companion. United States ofAmerica: Cheng Tsui Company. Zhan, K. (1992). The Strategies of Politeness in the Chinese Language.